Civil War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Civil War - Essay Example at the sticky tag given to the deadly combat between the North and the South, the Civil War, is grossly incorrect; for the fault lines were nowhere near class struggles but on failed, incompetent leadership that sought for answers from surface judgment. Perhaps other titles would give much better description of the war. This paper traces the origins of the war, culminating to the very last event that cemented the path to war. Right from the American Revolution to the adoption of the Constitution, no one ever doubts that Americans, whether in the South or the North, had a common interest of establishing a prosperous nation. Nonetheless, the means to achieving that very end proved contentious, with sectionalism creeping in to widen the rifts between a people that had known independence for barely a century. To be sure, the origins of the civil war had roots in the first miserable boat-load of African slaves into the American soil, for without slavery, the war wouldn’t have occurred. For a time, it appeared that slavery was on its way to extinction. However, the sticky slavery-based agriculture in the South proved to be a source of beef with the industrially advanced North in the 100 years or so of independence. So intense were the gridlocks that when the Tariff legislation was finally introduced in the Congress and passed to levels considered unacceptable to a majority of southerners in favor of the North produced goods with the aid of Northern politicians, the former’s furor rose to near conflict 30 years to its actual dates, with South Carolina going on record to defy the federal tariff legislation — sparking off the Nullification Crisis (Olson, 2006, p.160). Alongside with the congress sending purging signals to the institution of slavery, underground was a group of humanists agitating for the abolition of slavery; voices which only grew louder in the north as soon it became clear that the practice was but a moral mistake. But for some sort of

Identifications in Hip Hop Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Identifications in Hip Hop Culture - Essay Example Bernard Zekri and   Jean Karakos had a significant impact on the history of American rap in the 1980s. In 1980, Zekri made the decision to leave France and move to New York where he worked in a restaurant with French owners. In this year, Karakos who had headed a small label in France referred to as Celluloid also moved to New York and met Zekri. The two had a significant impact on the American hip-hop culture which had long-term implications including bringing American hip-hop to countries overseas and changing the manner in which rap music was recorded. 4.Kafig The power that characterizes French hip-hop dancing can be traced back to the careers of individuals and the fact that developments in the styles of dancing occurred in regions that applied their own preferences. Kafig is a genre that comes from the regions of Lyons as well as Paris and is considered as the birthplace of hip-hop dancing. Kafig is a dance that is specialized, characterized by numerous complex movements. The artists who engage in this type of dance display a   large amount of emotion as well as power in their movements. This style of dance impacts on hip-hop culture through the fact that it aims at cultivating awareness of how movement can bring out a certain message or create a different depiction of the world(McCarren 65).   5. Siya Possi XThe name Siya Possi X is derived from both the English term referring to the posse and the phrase siya possi which means in simple terms people who are to be killed.

Computerized Data Acquisition of a Second Order Reaction Essay Example for Free

Computerized Data Acquisition of a Second Order Reaction Essay The rates at which reactions occur depend on the composition and the temperature of the reaction mixture. Usually the rate of reaction is found to be proportional to the concentrations of the reactants raised to a power.1 There are many reactions that have a rate law in the form of: (1) v = k[A]a[B]b According to reference1 the power to which the concentration of a species (product or reactant) is raised in a rate law of this nature is the order of the reaction with respect to that species. In equation (1) first order with respect to [A] and first order with respect to [B]; however, the overall reaction is the sum of the individual orders. Thus we have a second order reaction. In this experiment a hexacyanoferrate(III) ion ([Fe(CN)6]3-) oxidizes ascorbic acid (C6H8O6) by the following reaction: (2) 2[Fe(CN)6]3- + C6H8O6 = 2[Fe(CN)6]4- + C6H6O6 + 2H+ The reaction above is of a first order reaction at room temperature with respect to individual reactants; therefore the reaction stoichiometry and rate law at time t are: (3) aA + bBproducts and (4) -d[A] = k[A] [B] where [A] represents the concentration of ascorbic acid and [B] represents the concentrations of [Fe(CN)6]3- at time t. For this experiment we will use an integrated rate law in the form of: (5) ln [A] = b [A]0 a [B]0 kt + ln [A]0 where [A]0 and [B]0 are the initial concentrations of C6H8O6 and [Fe(CN)6]3- and a=1 and b=2. From equation (5), it is possible to calculate the second-order rate constant k by plotting ln [A]/[B] against time (find slope of line where b=2 and a=1). EDTA in this experiment is used as a masking agent to hide metal ions that would normally interfere with the analysis in this reaction. Thus the absorbance of [Fe(CN)6]3- at time t is given by: (6) Absorbance = 1012 [Fe(CN)6]3- The oxidation of C6H8O6 by [Fe(CN)6]3- involves a mechanism that consists of 3 steps.2 In the first step, the ascorbate ion (AH-) is rapidly formed by ionization of the ascorbic acid. (7) AH2 AH + H+ Following the ionization is the slow rate-determining step, the oxidation of the ascorbate ion to an ascorbate free radical (AH∙): (8) [Fe(CN)6]3- + AH-[Fe(CN)6]4- + AH∙ During the final step, an electron is rapidly transferred from the ascorbate free radical to the hexacyanoferrate(III) anion, producing dehydroascorbic acid (A): (9) [Fe(CN)6]3- + AH- [Fe(CN)6]4- + A + H+ The slow rate-determining step is an ionic reaction between [Fe(CN)6]3- and AH-. According to reference3, the specific rate constant of an ionic reaction in aqueous solution depends on two factors: the ionic strength I of the solution and on the charges ZA and ZB of the ionic species reacting to for the activated complex. (10) log k = log k0 + 1.02ZAZB I1/2 Experimental All reagents in this experiment were of reagent grade. Mass measurements were taken on a Shimadzu Libror AEG-120 analytical scale with an uncertainty of  ±0.0001. Manual data acquisition was taken with a Barnstead/Turner SP-830 spectrophotometer and a stopwatch. The computerized data acquisition was completed by a Cary 50 Bio. The experiment began by preparing four solutions of 1 x 10-3 M of K3Fe(CN)6 with varied concentrations of NaNO3: 0.025 M, 0.05 M, 0.1 M and 0.2 M. This was completed by dissolving 0.0329245 ( ±0.001) g of K3Fe(CN)6 with the specified concentrations of NaNO3 and deionized water in a 100 mL volumetric flask. A 25 mL aliquot of each solution was transferred into a 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask and the temperature of the aliquot was recorded. Next, a 500 mL 2.5 x 10-4 M solution of ascorbic acid was prepared by using a standardized 0.01 M HNO3 solution dissolved in 0.005 g of EDTA and deionized water. A 25 mL aliquot was transferred into each of the four 100 mL beakers by using a 25 mL pipet. The spectrophotometer was set to 418 nm and the absorbance reading was zeroed by using deionized water as a standard. The ascorbic acid in the beaker was poured into the K3Fe(CN)6 solution and the timer was immediately started. The Erlenmeyer flask was swirled for 2-3 seconds before pouring the reacting mixture into a 1-cm cuvette. The cuvette was conditioned with the reacting solution 4 times before being placed into the sample holder of the spectrophotometer. An absorbance reading was taken at 30 seconds and every 30 seconds thereafter for a total of 6 minutes. The same process was implemented with the Cary 50 Bio except that each sample was analyzed by the computer for 7 minutes and 53 seconds. Data/Results

Importance of environment

Importance of environment The difference between animals and humans is that animals change themselves for the environment, but humans change the environment for themselves. Without neighborhood we are incomplete. All things Life have there surrounding locality (Environments) in the universe. Environment mean neighborhood surrounding conditions, influences, or forces, by which living forms are influenced and modified in their growth and development. Here we discus the environment, commonly known as the natural environment, which always in human interaction between culture and nature in the natural world. I try to highlight the importance of environment, there issues, its effects on our life and nature, with experts suggestions for prevention and protections. Its totally deepen on our understanding of how humans has been affected on natural environment in the past and what results. To learn the relationships between humans and the surrounding world, we must try to understand how the interaction between these two works. In the broadest sense knowledge of environments may be defined as social practices, technological and physical arrangements future to facilitate work in partnership, decision making, inference or discovery, depending on the premises and goals. Various historians had touched on environmental themes throughout history, but it was not recognized as a specific field. The modern environmental history becomes known in the late 1960s and early 1970s in union with the rise of environmentalism as a social movement. Climate is often measured a part of environmental history, and surely shares many areas of study. The period 1962 to 1970 observed slow grinding down in the popularity of the word conservation, as man by himself replaced trees and wildlife as the threatened class. Overpopulation and industrialization trapped mankind in weakening environment. The damage was threatening to the very survival of man. Environmentalism gained strength as a movement dedicated to ending- and if possible-reversing this decline in the human environment. Todays current major environmental issues are climate change, pollution and resource reductions. The protection movement lobbies efforts to protect all sort of danger cause to any ecologically valuable natural areas. In this way environmental science technologies helped humanity to study the interactions among the physical, chemical and biological components of the environment. Environmental Issues in Pakistan. High growing population rate, ignorance, Industrialization, agriculture declining, problems are increasing and covered large size and all aspects of our life, which needs authoritative experts attention to be solved. There are problems like Air Pollution, Drinking water pollution, Global warming, Hazardous Waste, Ozone Depletion and many others, which makes the list endless. As globalization covers its way across the world these problems no longer remain local problems but become international issues. There are many causes of these problems, some of which are created by man and can also be controlled by man. So here we would closed our discuss some of these environmental problems in Pakistan. Uncontrolled high population growths and poor natural resource management over many has a negative impact on Pakistans environment. Agriculture and other sectors will dry up as natural resources exhaust themselves, caused by ongoing deforestation. Like other developing countries Pakistan facing fast growing, wide ranging complex environmental problems include natural hazards and disasters, power and electricity crisis, urban and industrial growth, factory and vehicle emissions have degraded air quality, polluted water supplies, waste disposal and costal marine pollution are some of the few prominent environmental challenges faced by Pakistan. Life is drawing more and more towards misery as the citizens remain deprived of the fundamentals of life. Pertaining to environmental problems we have a large list of never-ending issues, which are effecting the development and economy of the country. Lack of planning, non serious attitude failure of economic policies, continually brought Pakistan to environmental collapse. All over the world countries are facing one or the other problem related to environment, but Pakistan has become a hub all these unfortunately. The struggle to save the global environment is in one way much more difficult than the struggle to vanquish Hitler, for this time the war is with ourselves. We are the enemy, just as we have only ourselves as allies. Efforts in Pakistan Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency is an attached department of the Ministry of Environment and responsible to implement the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997 in the country. Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency also provides all kind of technical assistance to the Ministry of Environment for formulation of environment policy and programmed. Building on the Pakistan Environmental Protection Ordinance of 1983, the NCSR stipulated three goals for the countrys Pakistan set three goals for the countrys environmental protection efforts: Conservation of natural resources Promotion of sustainable development Improve manage of resources efficiency. In addition, in 1993 Pakistan applied National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) (Revised in 1999) to municipal and liquid industrial effluents and industrial gaseous emissions, motor vehicle exhaust, and noise. But when new revised environmental regulations were implemented in 1999, only 3% of industries were able to pass the test for compliance. A lack of funding is evident in Pakistans environmental protection efforts. The World Banks pilot programs are designed according to the objectives and strategies of Pakistans National Conservation Strategy. However, Pakistans previous environmental record is poor, and the country has not been able to back up its commitment to environmental protection with action. It is clear that Pakistan will need to place greater emphasis on environmental protection in order to stem the countrys environmental degradation and safeguard citizens health. The objective of the event was to develop forest resources through international competition. This activity will achieve the national objective of increasing forest and will also raise awareness among masses besides creating a soft image of the country in the world. World Record of Maximum Plantation in a Single Day In view of global significance of mangrove forests, particularly in the context of the Tsunami of 2005, the GWR event was held in the Mangrove areas on the coastal islands of Sindh, which are presently devoid of vegetation. The specific site of the event was at Katti Bander in Thatta district, some 150 KM in the South East of Karachi. This is in accordance with present Governments resolve to rehabilitate Mangrove forests of Sindh by all means, in partnership with Sindh Forest Department, international and national NGOs and private sector. During this event the Pakistan broke the earlier record of planting 447,874 trees by India in June, 2009. Its a great victory but its dependent on continues regular care of that trees in the future till they becomes on self grown. In an underdeveloped country, dont drink the water; in a developed country, dont breathe the air. I think the environment should be put in the category of our national security. Defense of our resources is just as important as defense abroad. Otherwise what is there to defend? A margin of life is developed by Nature for all living things including man. All life forms obey Natures demands except man, who has found ways of ignoring them.

Unification of Italy and Germany Essay -- History

Unification of Italy and Germany By 1871 both the kingdom of Italy and the empire of Germany were united. Even though both countries used popular trends to that time, both liberalism and nationalism, the process unifying these two countries was very different. The end result was Germany emerging as a strong nation and Italy appropriately, the weaker. Italy’s problems started with the fact that it didn’t have one main ruler, but two people and a concept, resulting in a different approach to the unification. Gulseppe Mazzini had a radical program focusing on a centralized democratic republic based on universal suffrage and the will of the people. Vincenzo Gioberti, who was a catholic priest called for a federation of existing states under the presidency of the pope. Then there were the people who favored leadership toward the autocratic kingdom of Sardenia. Sardenia’s rule was much more popular to the middle class than the other two because Sardenia appeared to be a liberal, progressive state displaying national unification. That is what the people were striving for. They thought Mazzini’s ideas too radical- and they were trying to get away from religion running the nation as it had done in the past. They wanted a distinct separation between church and state. Cavour was the man who made the change, but he sought unity only for northern Italy to become a greatly expanded kingdom of Sardenia. â€Å"In the 1850’s Cavour worked to consolidate Sardenia as a liberal state cap...

Haydn Middletons The Lie of the Land :: Literature Christianity Religion Essays

Making a Movie on Haydn Middleton's The Lie of the Land To make a movie from any source takes a lot of people in the process. It's not just one or two people sitting down saying "let's make a movie." There are things to be considered, things to be done and people to contact. In this essay, I plan to make a movie of Haydn Middleton's novel The Lie of the Land, just to give a glimpse of the complications involved with making a movie. The first step in any movie would have to be a script. No script, no movie. It's just that simple. A small group (or one individual) would have to sit down and write a script from this novel. Of course he (they) would have to decide what to focus on from the book, or what they (he) wants to dramatize, and if there is something that they (he) can put in the script himself that wasn't really there to begin with. For example, if the screenwriter(s) wanted to make this a romance story between the characters David and Quinn, then they would emphasize that dramatically. They might add some sexuality into said relationship, and even go so far as to have Quinn come back to David at the end of the movie. The key words that you would see on the screen would be "adapted from," meaning that the movie was based on this novel, but the screenwriter(s) wrote the movie from their interpretation. Of course, some things have to be in the script, such as David's story, but how focused it is depends, lik e I stated, on the screenwriter(s). Now that we have a script, and we'll cut out the process of submitting it to movie studios, the next step would be pre-production. For this purpose, we'll use a fictional studio and call it L 0 L studios. This studio, after accepting the script, would hire a producer. Let's use a name here, like Richard Donner. His job is to hire a director, audition a cast, find a location to film, or decide if it can be done on a sound stage (possibly both), and try to keep it all under budget. Our director would be James Cameron, because with his success recently, his name alone would bring people to see this movie, which is the whole goal of the project. Casting is difficult, because certain factors have to be looked at, such as looks, (do they look the part?

Outer Space Exploration

Skies The Limit? The exploration of space VS The issues on earth. Aileen Johnson English Composition Introduction We live in a world where there are environmental issues that range from global warming to air pollution. Environmental scientists dedicated themselves by putting years and years into finding a long-term solution for these issues. The effects of these issues can potentially be damaging in the next couple of decades so people live I fear of what is to come. This same fear prevents people from thinking outside of the box. We came so far in the mist of our issues that it almost seems unfixable.With new technology today we have various ways for exploring outside our world to find new ways to make life on earth a little easier. Since issues on earth are still in effect, people’s fear of what is to come in the future prevent them from becoming aware of how exploring outside this world in space can actually benefit us all, and how important it is to our planet earth. Altho ugh there are many environmental issues on earth, outer exploration should continue to be funded. Outer space exploration may be needed in the future to prevent or solve new issues on earth to come. Oblivious To the BenefitsThere are many benefits to outer space exploration that people are aware not of. Before I decided to do research I was unaware of the number of things that we actually use today that would have never been possible if we did not explore outer space in the past, that we are going to get into later on is this paper. Imagine you went to the grocery store and spent 300 dollars on food, and you go home, check your pockets, and see the receipt for your purchase of food. Now Imagined the food disappeared or you put the food away and it doesn’t look like as much food as you thought it was.Having spent money on something that you do not really see too much results for can make you regret spending so much money, or prevent you from doing it again. This is the same co ncept with funding outer space exploration; we see all of the money going into a project like adventure, without seeing the results of this big purchase. Another example is how we can spend money. This example does not count for us individually but as a whole. When we get a lump some of money sometimes it is hard for us not to go crazy and spend everything or most of it.When we do go crazy and spend all of it on little things, eating out all time, clothes, or just small purchases, we get more upset when the money is gone and we have no idea where the money went. That’s the same as spending money on space and not seeing the results from the purchase. Other problems circles around on how important it is to fund outer space exploration. The way we prioritize things in this world can affect our ability to make decisions and limit us to taking risks. For example, tax season come around and we get that nice refund back and think of all the things that we can do with that check.Now lets say that bills and credits card payments are the â€Å"global issues† and house leans and stocks are the â€Å"outer space† exploration. When we receive that that refund we become worriers and we think about all the bills we have to catch up on and what other things we need to pay off. Instead, we can look into investing into stocks and house leans that will benefit us in the future by making us more money overtime. Since people do are so caught up on the current issue, investing into something that doesn’t show results right away, will be last priority.If people do no understand the benefits of outer space exploration they can easily form the decision that it shouldn’t be funded. If they do not know what outer space exploration can do for earth they will find it unnecessary. Knowing the benefits can change the minds of a lot of people who forms these opinions. Sharing with people the benefits of exploring outer space can stop the controversy that it shouldn’t be funded any longer. There are a lot of websites that explain what people do in space, but not many go into detail about how it is beneficial to us on earth, this will mislead people into thinking that it is pointless.Not being aware of these benefits can cause fear in everyone when it comes down to spending money, which lead us to the next topic. Issues on Earth: Distractions and Paranoia The issues we have here on earth distracts the minds of many people causing distractions and paranoia. There is a website that was designed to count in actually time how much money we are spending on war. You can see the numbers go up in actual time. This creates anxiety to people specifically in America because we know that war is one of the major issues we have here on earth.Yes we know that the war is costing a lot of money and its okay that to keep track of that, but the amount of money spent is what people worry about. It is something that is keeping us in debt and some wou ld also agree that the war is a pointless price to pay. When you have an issue as big as this, it scares people in to thinking that anything that we are spending money on now should show clear results from the money we are putting into it. Then we get distracted. With the issues here on earth rising day by day it distracts us.We can be aware of what NASA can do for us but the issues that clearly orbiting around us can make hold or attention for a long time. Let me give you an example how distraction and paranoia can be created. 99% percent of Americans watch TV, and there are many of those who watch the news. Imagine you turn on the TV and after your favorites show go of the news come on. You hear about the murders, theft, and car jacking that are going on. This grabs our attention and have us thinking about the high crime rate. Next it’s the poor education systems with high unemployment rate, the big distraction.Our minds are focused now on the issues surrounding us. Next th at comes on is the issue that hits us all†¦war. This here is where our paranoia kicks in because not only is this an issue, it is something that is going to make us wonder, where is all the money coming from to support this idea. When we shut the TV off after the news finish we are left with the negative but true issues that are going on. We go to sleep with it in the back of our minds. The next day imagine you watch the morning news and the announcer comes on and say that the president just signed a multi-million dollar approval to invest millions in NASA for exploration of pace, without giving any clear reason on how this investment will benefit earth or the people on it. With the paranoia already build up in our minds and the anxiety from the issues we have yet to solve, investing millions of dollars into a cause that we do not think is necessary at the time can be a lot for us to want to jump up and agree with. Now that we have this huge issue of spending and being in debt, it forces Americans to â€Å"budget† or limit ourselves.They do not want to fund anything other than what we absolute need because the problems that are obvious like the money we spent on war, are way bigger than the problems that have yet to come, therefore we limit our thinking for now when we can be preparing for the future. Now that we know that by people being oblivious to how outer space exploration can be beneficial and how the money we spend on other issues on earth can make us a little paranoid about what we spend money on; but may be knowing exactly how outer space exploration or â€Å"O. S. E† can actually prevent issues on earth and help us, we can support it rather than oppose it.O. S. E Preventing Issues on Earth Outer space exploration can prevent future problems and help with current issues on earth. When people oppose the idea of funding O. S. E, they tend to forget about the satellites they we have out there. Those very same satellites that would hav e not existed if it was not for O. S. E in the first place. These satellites are like god to us with the modern technology that we have today and knowing how we benefit from them is important. Satellites in outer space control a lot of things that we can take advantage of according to this article.It helps to predict the weather, GPS navigations and locate other things also. How can predicting the weather help with issues on earth you may ask? Knowing when a snow storm is coming help us to prepare in advance to put salt down on the roads so that people would not slide on ice when there are driving and get into an accident. Knowing when a hurricane is going to hit, let us know to get generators for power and gas for cars, food and water for everyone. Knowing that it is going to be dangerously hot with heat wave ahead lets us know to stay home under the AC rather to drive somewhere far and put ourselves in danger of the heat.All of these issues that can arise on earth, prevented just by simply predicting the weather, and the weather predicted from the help of satellites in outer space. Another benefit that too many people do not know about is that space also provide certain metals used to build aircraft and the same ones are also used in healthcare facilities around the world for medicine. We benefit also from the GPS, saving us time, frustration and gas. This seemingly not a huge issue on earth at the moment until you is in a dangerous situation and need to get somewhere fast; like getting lost in the woods.Also GPS help police locate criminals, crime, and other mobilizing action that can cause danger to civilians. Being able to position a moving target in actual time has helped different people with different careers like aircrafts, ships, soldiers, and the US government. Without satellites the modern careers we have today would not exists, leading us to many issues to run into in the future. Can you imagine the many issues that we would be facing not knowing when a dangerous snowstorm is going to hit? Or getting lost in the middle of knows where without a phone to call 911.Issues like the ones mentioned in the last paragraph are prevented everyday taking somebody somewhere out of a dangerous situation thanks to the satellites that were created through O. S. E. Knowing how the earth orbits the sun helps ups a great deal also. O. S. E helped us to discover other planets they have different resources that we may use in the future once we are able to tap into them. These resources can help us in the future when it is our last resort and we have nothing less. Being able to make use of resources out of planets in space now for the future is important.Why wait for the issue to arise to try and fix it when we can prevent it before it even happens? Think About it. Conclusion Reflect back on how far we can with technology because of discovers we made in outer spaces. All the distractions people see and hear on the news everyday can now become jus t another issue along with not funding O. S. E. That paranoia that people have that we are wasting money on something that we do not need can now go away, and you can feel at ease knowing the that we benefit a great deal from these explorations.Its like now you know what you are investing in and seeing that the benefits will set us up for the future can help you relax a little and support the cause. Outer space exploration led us to discover such advance technology that we can use today. These same discoveries can help prevent issues on earth. The fact that satellites predict the weather is major. The fact that GPS can locate crime is major. The fact that the same technology helps our troops in combat, in officers on duty is major. These things are all beneficial to us in multiple ways.If outer space exploration wasn’t funded in the first place we would have not have been able to do research to discover these things that we benefit from today in the past we were open to fundi ng this, and in the future that is now the present, we are able to benefit from those explorations. Further research may be able to prevent new problems in the future. Funding O. S. E uses only a tiny fraction of what we spend on war today, yet we benefit from it more than our current biggest investment. We need to think more in the future so that when it gets here we can continue to advance and become affective fixing issues before they come.REFERENCES | | | Baker, David. Scientific American Inventions From Outer Space: Everyday Uses for NASA Technology. New York, NY, 2 McClatchy-Tribune Information services news [Washington] June 7, 2009 Ashford University library. http://search. proquest. com. proxy-library. ashford. edu/pqcentral/docview/458167003/13CA8999DD0412DC52/7? accountid=32521 Neil, Tyson Author Foreign Affairs; Mar/Apr2012, Vol. 91 Issue 2, p22-33, 12p of Ashford University Library. http://search. proquest. com. proxy-library. ashford. edu/pqcentral/docview/458167003/13 CA8999DD0412DC52/7? accountid=32521 Steitz, David E.