Managing Marine Resources Sustainably

MANAGING MARINE RESOURCES SUSTAINABLY 8/17/2011 Sanie Joel V. Cagoco Managing Marine Re origins Sustainably 2011 ARTICLE epitome Eutrophication is a syndrome of eco arrangement responses to human beings activities that fertilize water bodies with nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P), often track to changes in puppet and plant populations and degradation of water and habitat quality. Nitrogen and phosphorous ar essential components of structural proteins, enzymes, carrell membranes, nucleic acids and molecules that capture and utilize light and chemical energy to support life.The biologically available forms of Nitrogen and phosphoric atomic number 18 present at low concentrations in pristine lakes, rivers, estuaries and in vast regions of the upper ocean. The innate resources of the sea are extremely valuable and, for the most part, are renewable. If rightly managed, they should provide continuing returns into the incoming without diminishing their productivity. Yet, for many o f these resources, including those of importance to industries much(prenominal) as ? shing and tourism, ef? ient management and sustainable exploitation arrive been the excommunication rather than the rule. Resources have been depleted and have collapsed due to over-exploitation, with severe economic and social consequences for the humans relying on them. Increasing demand for ocean resources due to population gain and economic expansion has raised veneration about the sustainability of the ocean resources and amenities that contribute to the well-being of people around the globe. Highly productive angleeries have collapsed, shipboard soldier and coastal habitats have beenEutrophication was first evident in lakes and rivers as they became choked with excessive growth of rooted plants and floating algal scums, prompting intense study in the 1960s 70s and culmination in the scientific basis for banning phosphate detergents and upgrading sewage treatment to reduce sewer water N itrogen and Phosphorous discharges to inland waters. lost or degraded, and carbon dioxide from fossil fuels is changing the climate and some(prenominal) of the basic properties of the leatherneck environment. These stresses increase the urgency of developing sustainable practices for activities in the ocean.Of the oceans renewable resources, fish are probably the most pressing concern to people around the world. The sustainability of the oceans fisheries is essential for the well-being of people in both developing and industrialized nations, through markets that range from local to world(prenominal) in scale. Seafood is the major source of protein for more than 1 billion people internationally, mend about 44 million depend on fishing or fish farming for their livelihood. Because seafood provides an immediate connection between the ocean and people, we discuss fish production in terms of managing the violent harvest and developing sustainable quaculture practices. (Susan Roberts and Kenneth Brink) 1 Managing Marine Resources Sustainably 2011 familiar to most definitions of sustainability is the concept of using renewable resources without jeopardizing their availability for use by early generations. Sustainable intend different things to different people, and notably has been a point of contention in fisheries management. The 1992 UN Convention on biologic Diversity defined sustainable use as ? the use of components of biological conversion in a way and at a rate that does not lead to long-term decline of biological diversity, thereby maintaining its otential to meet the needs and aspirations of present and future generations. Fisheries management involves regulating when, where, how, and how much fishermen are allowed to harvest to break that there will be fish in the future. It draws on fisheries science in order to aline ways to protect fishery resources so sustainable exploitation is possible. Modern fisheries management is often referred to as a governmental system of appropriate management rules based on defined objectives and a amalgamate of management means to implement the rules, which are put in place by a system of monitoring control and surveillance.Thru Fishery management, oceans would be fished and farmed to protect long-term production, not to generate the highest short-term bullion flow. Market prices for picnices would rise and fall within a predictable and profitable range, which would reward fairly the ride owners investments and crews labor. Fishing families would earn stable, year-round wages, and their coastal comm unit of measurementies would thrive on these fishing wages and income generated by backup businesses. Consumers would have stable supplies of high-quality local seafood.An armistice would end the debilitating wars between fishermen and environmentalists government regulators would make readily realistic decisions and court dockets would be empty of head-of-the-pin fisheries cases Many di fferent strategies have been proposed to make fisheries more sustainable. A few of these approaches, which could be pursued in concert, are described here (a) adopting more conservative catch limits, (b) changing the economic incentives of the fishing industry, and (c) enhancing the demand for sustainable products.An ecosystem is the basic functional unit in ecology, as it includes both organisms and their abiotic environment. No organism arouse exist without the environment. Ecosystem represents the highest level of ecological integration which is energy based. A pond, a lake, a coral reef, part of any field and a laboratory culture can be some of the examples of ecosystems. Thus an ecosystem is 2 Managing Marine Resources Sustainably 2011 defined as a specific unit of all the organisms occupying a given area which interacts with the physical environment producing distinct trophic structure, biotic diversity and material cycling.Aquaculture, also known as aqua farming, is the farm ing of aquatic organisms such as fish, crustaceans, molluscs and aquatic. Aquaculture involves cultivating freshwater and Growing our own seafood through aquaculture can provide part of the solution to a major brine populations to a lower place controlled conditions, and can be contrasted with commercial fishing, which is the harvesting of wild fish. Mariculture refers to aquaculture practiced in marine environments. The wild capture fisheries are only one part of the seafood industry.The largest growth in seafood production since 1990 has been in aquaculture, which currently accounts for about one-third of the worlds total fish and shell harvest. Aquaculture is expected to increase in importance as the demand for seafood increases. ecological catastrophe overharvesting of the worlds marine life while contributing to the global supply of healthy seafood. In aquaculture, there is also the option of farming herbivores alternatively of carnivores. This typically means culturing f ilter-feeding shellfish such as mussels, clams, and oysters.These species do not require fish feeds they are mostly herbivores that consume phytoplankton in the water and their culture can be beneficial in areas habituated to phytoplankton blooms and eutrophication. However, some of the other concerns about aquaculture also apply to the culture of these mollusks including the effects of aquaculture operations on marine habitats and resident species. ARTICLES RELATIONSHIP TO PHILIPPINE ENVIRONTMENTAL CONDITION AND ITS AGENCIES CONCERNED The countrys main environmental institution is the segment of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR).It was created in 1987 by Executive commit No. 192, which consolidated several government agencies performing environmental functions. The DENR is primarily responsible for the conservation, management, development and proper use of the countrys environment and natural resources, specifically forest and grazing lands, mineral resources, and lands of the worldly concern domain, as well as the licensing and regulation of all natural resources. 3 Managing Marine Resources Sustainably 2011 Apart from the DENR, there are other national government agencies snarly in environmental management.The major ones include the section of Agriculture (DA) and its Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR), Department of Energy (DOE), Department of Health (DOH), subject area Commission on Indigenous Peoples (NCIP), National Water Resources Board (NWRB), National Power Corporation (NAPOCOR), and Philippine National inunct Corporation (PNOC) (the last two, in connection with watershed areas and reservations supporting hydroelectric power generation and geothermal fields, respectively).Moreover, even agencies not traditionally associated with environmental functions, such as the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI), Department of Transportation and Communication (DOTC) and Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH), have been given environmental management roles under the Clean Air Act and Clean Water Act. Given the countrys poor financial position, limited financial resources is a problem that the DENR and other agencies with environmental management functions share with the rest of the bureaucracy.To cover the environmental sectors financial needs despite this limitation, reforms are necessary in both demand and supply sides. Progress has been made in terms of the institutional arrangements in the Philippines in addressing marine resources sustainably but the present situation requires a comprehensive strategy that will enable the country to effectively chart a more sustainable future. The establishment of a clear institutional mechanism by which the challenge of managing marine resources can be addressed is necessary.Ambiguities in the government institutions tasked to deal with marine resources issues must be eliminated. The highest priority however is to adopt and implement a strategic framework which should guide the Philippine response in managing our marine resources. CONCLUSION If aquaculture is to fulfill its great promise, however, governments and citizens alike must be vigilant. short-term economic considerations will make it all too easy for marine aquaculture to slip into the ecologically calumnious methods of large-scale, intensive livestock production more and more adopted on land.Despite some recent improvements, have to date with commercial salmon farming is not encouraging in this regard. The most popular farmed species among consumers in developed countries tend to be carnivores, creating an additional challenge to sustainability. Forms of 4 Managing Marine Resources Sustainably 2011 aquaculture that consume more fish than they produce cannot assist confederacy in addressing the global problem of wild fisheries depletion.As we look ahead over a century, it is clear that human impacts will continue, but that the nature and form of those impacts will for certain change. New approaches are being developed to help balance the uses of coastal and marine environments, including no consumptive ecosystem serves such as erosion control, biological carbon sequestration, recreation and tourism. Continued investments in seek and strategic, long-term planning can help to ensure that future generations will have an opportunity to palpate and enjoy the ocean and its many resources.The responsible use of the planets resources to meet the needs of society for healthful food is a goal universally supported by those across the spectrum of the aquaculture debate. All human activities have an effect on the environment, but in these early years of the 21st century, we are increasingly realizing that we have trod too heavily on the planet. Unsustainable consumption patterns, particularly in developed countries, are leading to global ecological disruption and rapid depletion of both renewable and nonrenewable resources. It is in this context that th e future of aquaculture must be determined.Growing our own seafood through aquaculture can provide part of the solution to a major ecological catastropheoverharvesting of the worlds marine lifewhile contributing to the global supply of healthy seafood. About the articles authors S. J. Roberts is the director of the Ocean Studies Board at the National Research Council where she has worked since 1998. She received her B. S. in zoology from Duke University and Ph. D. in marine biology from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. She has undertaken research on fish physiology, symbiosis, and developmental biology.At the National Research Council, she has conducted many studies on marine resource issues such as marine protected areas, ecosystem effects of fishing, and endangered species. K. H. Brink is a physical oceanographer at the woodwind instrument Hole Oceanographic Institution, where he has worked since 1980. He was educated at Cornell (B. S. ) and Yale (Ph. D. ). His research c oncentrates on currents over the continental shelf, and their implications. His service as President of The Oceanography Society, and as Chair of the National Research Councils Ocean Studies Board, have involved him in a range of practical concerns about the ocean. 5